Pramlintide

Lixisenatide is a short-acting, once-daily GLP-1 agonist for type 2 diabetes, discovered by Zealand Pharma and sold by Sanofi as Adlyxin (US) and Lyxumia (EU). It never caught on against weekly GLP-1 drugs, and it has mostly left the market: standalone Adlyxin was discontinued in the US with last availability around January 2023, and the EU authorisation for Lyxumia was withdrawn in December 2025. It lives on in Soliqua 100/33, a fixed combination with insulin glargine.

Pancragen is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator, Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp (KEDW), from the Khavinson group, designed to target pancreatic tissue. It is studied for supporting blood-sugar control and the insulin-producing endocrine pancreas, especially in aging. It is a research compound with no approval and no published human clinical trials. The notable evidence comes from aged primates, not people.

AICAR is not a peptide at all. It is a small nucleoside (a building block related to the purine pathway) that cells convert into ZMP, a molecule that mimics AMP and switches on AMPK, the cell's energy sensor. It became famous in 2008 when a Salk Institute study showed sedentary mice on AICAR ran 44% further, earning it the "exercise in a pill" label. Human data tell a much less exciting story: it was tested as an intravenous drug (acadesine) for heart surgery and leukemia, the big heart trial failed, and nothing is approved.

Pemvidutide is Altimmune's once-weekly GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist, now being developed mainly for MASH (fatty liver disease with inflammation, formerly called NASH). It cleared fat out of the liver fast in trials and earned FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation, and its phase 3 trial (PERFORMA) started in August 2026. It also produced decent weight loss in an obesity trial, but it is not approved anywhere and its biggest phase 2 MASH trial missed on the fibrosis endpoint at 24 weeks.

Dasiglucagon is a 29-amino-acid glucagon analog sold as Zegalogue, a ready-to-inject rescue pen for severe low blood sugar in people with diabetes. Its whole point is practical: old-school glucagon kits had to be mixed from a powder in the middle of an emergency, while dasiglucagon stays stable as a liquid, so a caregiver just presses an autoinjector. The FDA approved it in March 2021. It is a real, well-tested emergency drug, not a wellness peptide, and there is no sensible reason to use it outside of a hypoglycemia emergency.

SLU-PP-332 is a small synthetic molecule, not a peptide, that turns on the estrogen-related receptors (ERRalpha, beta and gamma), the master switches behind much of the body's response to endurance exercise. Researchers call it an 'exercise mimetic' because in mice it boosts mitochondria, shifts muscle toward fatigue-resistant fibers, improves stamina and trims fat without the animal moving more. It was made as a lab tool to study exercise biology. There are no human trials.